invidious-mod/src/invidious/videos.cr

CAPTION_LANGUAGES = {
  "",
  "English",
  "English (auto-generated)",
  "Afrikaans",
  "Albanian",
  "Amharic",
  "Arabic",
  "Armenian",
  "Azerbaijani",
  "Bangla",
  "Basque",
  "Belarusian",
  "Bosnian",
  "Bulgarian",
  "Burmese",
  "Catalan",
  "Cebuano",
  "Chinese (Simplified)",
  "Chinese (Traditional)",
  "Corsican",
  "Croatian",
  "Czech",
  "Danish",
  "Dutch",
  "Esperanto",
  "Estonian",
  "Filipino",
  "Finnish",
  "French",
  "Galician",
  "Georgian",
  "German",
  "Greek",
  "Gujarati",
  "Haitian Creole",
  "Hausa",
  "Hawaiian",
  "Hebrew",
  "Hindi",
  "Hmong",
  "Hungarian",
  "Icelandic",
  "Igbo",
  "Indonesian",
  "Irish",
  "Italian",
  "Japanese",
  "Javanese",
  "Kannada",
  "Kazakh",
  "Khmer",
  "Korean",
  "Kurdish",
  "Kyrgyz",
  "Lao",
  "Latin",
  "Latvian",
  "Lithuanian",
  "Luxembourgish",
  "Macedonian",
  "Malagasy",
  "Malay",
  "Malayalam",
  "Maltese",
  "Maori",
  "Marathi",
  "Mongolian",
  "Nepali",
  "Norwegian",
  "Nyanja",
  "Pashto",
  "Persian",
  "Polish",
  "Portuguese",
  "Punjabi",
  "Romanian",
  "Russian",
  "Samoan",
  "Scottish Gaelic",
  "Serbian",
  "Shona",
  "Sindhi",
  "Sinhala",
  "Slovak",
  "Slovenian",
  "Somali",
  "Southern Sotho",
  "Spanish",
  "Spanish (Latin America)",
  "Sundanese",
  "Swahili",
  "Swedish",
  "Tajik",
  "Tamil",
  "Telugu",
  "Thai",
  "Turkish",
  "Ukrainian",
  "Urdu",
  "Uzbek",
  "Vietnamese",
  "Welsh",
  "Western Frisian",
  "Xhosa",
  "Yiddish",
  "Yoruba",
  "Zulu",
}

REGIONS        = {"AD", "AE", "AF", "AG", "AI", "AL", "AM", "AO", "AQ", "AR", "AS", "AT", "AU", "AW", "AX", "AZ", "BA", "BB", "BD", "BE", "BF", "BG", "BH", "BI", "BJ", "BL", "BM", "BN", "BO", "BQ", "BR", "BS", "BT", "BV", "BW", "BY", "BZ", "CA", "CC", "CD", "CF", "CG", "CH", "CI", "CK", "CL", "CM", "CN", "CO", "CR", "CU", "CV", "CW", "CX", "CY", "CZ", "DE", "DJ", "DK", "DM", "DO", "DZ", "EC", "EE", "EG", "EH", "ER", "ES", "ET", "FI", "FJ", "FK", "FM", "FO", "FR", "GA", "GB", "GD", "GE", "GF", "GG", "GH", "GI", "GL", "GM", "GN", "GP", "GQ", "GR", "GS", "GT", "GU", "GW", "GY", "HK", "HM", "HN", "HR", "HT", "HU", "ID", "IE", "IL", "IM", "IN", "IO", "IQ", "IR", "IS", "IT", "JE", "JM", "JO", "JP", "KE", "KG", "KH", "KI", "KM", "KN", "KP", "KR", "KW", "KY", "KZ", "LA", "LB", "LC", "LI", "LK", "LR", "LS", "LT", "LU", "LV", "LY", "MA", "MC", "MD", "ME", "MF", "MG", "MH", "MK", "ML", "MM", "MN", "MO", "MP", "MQ", "MR", "MS", "MT", "MU", "MV", "MW", "MX", "MY", "MZ", "NA", "NC", "NE", "NF", "NG", "NI", "NL", "NO", "NP", "NR", "NU", "NZ", "OM", "PA", "PE", "PF", "PG", "PH", "PK", "PL", "PM", "PN", "PR", "PS", "PT", "PW", "PY", "QA", "RE", "RO", "RS", "RU", "RW", "SA", "SB", "SC", "SD", "SE", "SG", "SH", "SI", "SJ", "SK", "SL", "SM", "SN", "SO", "SR", "SS", "ST", "SV", "SX", "SY", "SZ", "TC", "TD", "TF", "TG", "TH", "TJ", "TK", "TL", "TM", "TN", "TO", "TR", "TT", "TV", "TW", "TZ", "UA", "UG", "UM", "US", "UY", "UZ", "VA", "VC", "VE", "VG", "VI", "VN", "VU", "WF", "WS", "YE", "YT", "ZA", "ZM", "ZW"}
BYPASS_REGIONS = {
  "GB",
  "DE",
  "FR",
  "IN",
  "CN",
  "RU",
  "CA",
  "JP",
  "IT",
  "TH",
  "ES",
  "AE",
  "KR",
  "IR",
  "BR",
  "PK",
  "ID",
  "BD",
  "MX",
  "PH",
  "EG",
  "VN",
  "CD",
  "TR",
}

VIDEO_THUMBNAILS = {
  {name: "maxres", host: "invidio.us", url: "maxres", height: 720, width: 1280},
  {name: "maxresdefault", host: "i.ytimg.com", url: "maxresdefault", height: 720, width: 1280},
  {name: "sddefault", host: "i.ytimg.com", url: "sddefault", height: 480, width: 640},
  {name: "high", host: "i.ytimg.com", url: "hqdefault", height: 360, width: 480},
  {name: "medium", host: "i.ytimg.com", url: "mqdefault", height: 180, width: 320},
  {name: "default", host: "i.ytimg.com", url: "default", height: 90, width: 120},
  {name: "start", host: "i.ytimg.com", url: "1", height: 90, width: 120},
  {name: "middle", host: "i.ytimg.com", url: "2", height: 90, width: 120},
  {name: "end", host: "i.ytimg.com", url: "3", height: 90, width: 120},
}

# See https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/blob/master/youtube_dl/extractor/youtube.py#L380-#L476
VIDEO_FORMATS = {
  "5"  => {"ext" => "flv", "width" => 400, "height" => 240, "acodec" => "mp3", "abr" => 64, "vcodec" => "h263"},
  "6"  => {"ext" => "flv", "width" => 450, "height" => 270, "acodec" => "mp3", "abr" => 64, "vcodec" => "h263"},
  "13" => {"ext" => "3gp", "acodec" => "aac", "vcodec" => "mp4v"},
  "17" => {"ext" => "3gp", "width" => 176, "height" => 144, "acodec" => "aac", "abr" => 24, "vcodec" => "mp4v"},
  "18" => {"ext" => "mp4", "width" => 640, "height" => 360, "acodec" => "aac", "abr" => 96, "vcodec" => "h264"},
  "22" => {"ext" => "mp4", "width" => 1280, "height" => 720, "acodec" => "aac", "abr" => 192, "vcodec" => "h264"},
  "34" => {"ext" => "flv", "width" => 640, "height" => 360, "acodec" => "aac", "abr" => 128, "vcodec" => "h264"},
  "35" => {"ext" => "flv", "width" => 854, "height" => 480, "acodec" => "aac", "abr" => 128, "vcodec" => "h264"},

  "36" => {"ext" => "3gp", "width" => 320, "acodec" => "aac", "vcodec" => "mp4v"},
  "37" => {"ext" => "mp4", "width" => 1920, "height" => 1080, "acodec" => "aac", "abr" => 192, "vcodec" => "h264"},
  "38" => {"ext" => "mp4", "width" => 4096, "height" => 3072, "acodec" => "aac", "abr" => 192, "vcodec" => "h264"},
  "43" => {"ext" => "webm", "width" => 640, "height" => 360, "acodec" => "vorbis", "abr" => 128, "vcodec" => "vp8"},
  "44" => {"ext" => "webm", "width" => 854, "height" => 480, "acodec" => "vorbis", "abr" => 128, "vcodec" => "vp8"},
  "45" => {"ext" => "webm", "width" => 1280, "height" => 720, "acodec" => "vorbis", "abr" => 192, "vcodec" => "vp8"},
  "46" => {"ext" => "webm", "width" => 1920, "height" => 1080, "acodec" => "vorbis", "abr" => 192, "vcodec" => "vp8"},
  "59" => {"ext" => "mp4", "width" => 854, "height" => 480, "acodec" => "aac", "abr" => 128, "vcodec" => "h264"},
  "78" => {"ext" => "mp4", "width" => 854, "height" => 480, "acodec" => "aac", "abr" => 128, "vcodec" => "h264"},

  # 3D videos
  "82"  => {"ext" => "mp4", "height" => 360, "format" => "3D", "acodec" => "aac", "abr" => 128, "vcodec" => "h264"},
  "83"  => {"ext" => "mp4", "height" => 480, "format" => "3D", "acodec" => "aac", "abr" => 128, "vcodec" => "h264"},
  "84"  => {"ext" => "mp4", "height" => 720, "format" => "3D", "acodec" => "aac", "abr" => 192, "vcodec" => "h264"},
  "85"  => {"ext" => "mp4", "height" => 1080, "format" => "3D", "acodec" => "aac", "abr" => 192, "vcodec" => "h264"},
  "100" => {"ext" => "webm", "height" => 360, "format" => "3D", "acodec" => "vorbis", "abr" => 128, "vcodec" => "vp8"},
  "101" => {"ext" => "webm", "height" => 480, "format" => "3D", "acodec" => "vorbis", "abr" => 192, "vcodec" => "vp8"},
  "102" => {"ext" => "webm", "height" => 720, "format" => "3D", "acodec" => "vorbis", "abr" => 192, "vcodec" => "vp8"},

  # Apple HTTP Live Streaming
  "91"  => {"ext" => "mp4", "height" => 144, "format" => "HLS", "acodec" => "aac", "abr" => 48, "vcodec" => "h264"},
  "92"  => {"ext" => "mp4", "height" => 240, "format" => "HLS", "acodec" => "aac", "abr" => 48, "vcodec" => "h264"},
  "93"  => {"ext" => "mp4", "height" => 360, "format" => "HLS", "acodec" => "aac", "abr" => 128, "vcodec" => "h264"},
  "94"  => {"ext" => "mp4", "height" => 480, "format" => "HLS", "acodec" => "aac", "abr" => 128, "vcodec" => "h264"},
  "95"  => {"ext" => "mp4", "height" => 720, "format" => "HLS", "acodec" => "aac", "abr" => 256, "vcodec" => "h264"},
  "96"  => {"ext" => "mp4", "height" => 1080, "format" => "HLS", "acodec" => "aac", "abr" => 256, "vcodec" => "h264"},
  "132" => {"ext" => "mp4", "height" => 240, "format" => "HLS", "acodec" => "aac", "abr" => 48, "vcodec" => "h264"},
  "151" => {"ext" => "mp4", "height" => 72, "format" => "HLS", "acodec" => "aac", "abr" => 24, "vcodec" => "h264"},

  # DASH mp4 video
  "133" => {"ext" => "mp4", "height" => 240, "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "h264"},
  "134" => {"ext" => "mp4", "height" => 360, "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "h264"},
  "135" => {"ext" => "mp4", "height" => 480, "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "h264"},
  "136" => {"ext" => "mp4", "height" => 720, "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "h264"},
  "137" => {"ext" => "mp4", "height" => 1080, "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "h264"},
  "138" => {"ext" => "mp4", "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "h264"}, # Height can vary (https=>//github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/4559)
  "160" => {"ext" => "mp4", "height" => 144, "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "h264"},
  "212" => {"ext" => "mp4", "height" => 480, "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "h264"},
  "264" => {"ext" => "mp4", "height" => 1440, "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "h264"},
  "298" => {"ext" => "mp4", "height" => 720, "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "h264", "fps" => 60},
  "299" => {"ext" => "mp4", "height" => 1080, "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "h264", "fps" => 60},
  "266" => {"ext" => "mp4", "height" => 2160, "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "h264"},

  # Dash mp4 audio
  "139" => {"ext" => "m4a", "format" => "DASH audio", "acodec" => "aac", "abr" => 48, "container" => "m4a_dash"},
  "140" => {"ext" => "m4a", "format" => "DASH audio", "acodec" => "aac", "abr" => 128, "container" => "m4a_dash"},
  "141" => {"ext" => "m4a", "format" => "DASH audio", "acodec" => "aac", "abr" => 256, "container" => "m4a_dash"},
  "256" => {"ext" => "m4a", "format" => "DASH audio", "acodec" => "aac", "container" => "m4a_dash"},
  "258" => {"ext" => "m4a", "format" => "DASH audio", "acodec" => "aac", "container" => "m4a_dash"},
  "325" => {"ext" => "m4a", "format" => "DASH audio", "acodec" => "dtse", "container" => "m4a_dash"},
  "328" => {"ext" => "m4a", "format" => "DASH audio", "acodec" => "ec-3", "container" => "m4a_dash"},

  # Dash webm
  "167" => {"ext" => "webm", "height" => 360, "width" => 640, "format" => "DASH video", "container" => "webm", "vcodec" => "vp8"},
  "168" => {"ext" => "webm", "height" => 480, "width" => 854, "format" => "DASH video", "container" => "webm", "vcodec" => "vp8"},
  "169" => {"ext" => "webm", "height" => 720, "width" => 1280, "format" => "DASH video", "container" => "webm", "vcodec" => "vp8"},
  "170" => {"ext" => "webm", "height" => 1080, "width" => 1920, "format" => "DASH video", "container" => "webm", "vcodec" => "vp8"},
  "218" => {"ext" => "webm", "height" => 480, "width" => 854, "format" => "DASH video", "container" => "webm", "vcodec" => "vp8"},
  "219" => {"ext" => "webm", "height" => 480, "width" => 854, "format" => "DASH video", "container" => "webm", "vcodec" => "vp8"},
  "278" => {"ext" => "webm", "height" => 144, "format" => "DASH video", "container" => "webm", "vcodec" => "vp9"},
  "242" => {"ext" => "webm", "height" => 240, "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "vp9"},
  "243" => {"ext" => "webm", "height" => 360, "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "vp9"},
  "244" => {"ext" => "webm", "height" => 480, "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "vp9"},
  "245" => {"ext" => "webm", "height" => 480, "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "vp9"},
  "246" => {"ext" => "webm", "height" => 480, "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "vp9"},
  "247" => {"ext" => "webm", "height" => 720, "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "vp9"},
  "248" => {"ext" => "webm", "height" => 1080, "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "vp9"},
  "271" => {"ext" => "webm", "height" => 1440, "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "vp9"},
  # itag 272 videos are either 3840x2160 (e.g. RtoitU2A-3E) or 7680x4320 (sLprVF6d7Ug)
  "272" => {"ext" => "webm", "height" => 2160, "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "vp9"},
  "302" => {"ext" => "webm", "height" => 720, "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "vp9", "fps" => 60},
  "303" => {"ext" => "webm", "height" => 1080, "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "vp9", "fps" => 60},
  "308" => {"ext" => "webm", "height" => 1440, "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "vp9", "fps" => 60},
  "313" => {"ext" => "webm", "height" => 2160, "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "vp9"},
  "315" => {"ext" => "webm", "height" => 2160, "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "vp9", "fps" => 60},
  "330" => {"ext" => "webm", "height" => 144, "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "vp9", "fps" => 60},
  "331" => {"ext" => "webm", "height" => 240, "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "vp9", "fps" => 60},
  "332" => {"ext" => "webm", "height" => 360, "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "vp9", "fps" => 60},
  "333" => {"ext" => "webm", "height" => 480, "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "vp9", "fps" => 60},
  "334" => {"ext" => "webm", "height" => 720, "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "vp9", "fps" => 60},
  "335" => {"ext" => "webm", "height" => 1080, "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "vp9", "fps" => 60},
  "336" => {"ext" => "webm", "height" => 1440, "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "vp9", "fps" => 60},
  "337" => {"ext" => "webm", "height" => 2160, "format" => "DASH video", "vcodec" => "vp9", "fps" => 60},

  # Dash webm audio
  "171" => {"ext" => "webm", "acodec" => "vorbis", "format" => "DASH audio", "abr" => 128},
  "172" => {"ext" => "webm", "acodec" => "vorbis", "format" => "DASH audio", "abr" => 256},

  # Dash webm audio with opus inside
  "249" => {"ext" => "webm", "format" => "DASH audio", "acodec" => "opus", "abr" => 50},
  "250" => {"ext" => "webm", "format" => "DASH audio", "acodec" => "opus", "abr" => 70},
  "251" => {"ext" => "webm", "format" => "DASH audio", "acodec" => "opus", "abr" => 160},
}

class Video
  property player_json : JSON::Any?

  module HTTPParamConverter
    def self.from_rs(rs)
      HTTP::Params.parse(rs.read(String))
    end
  end

  def fmt_stream(decrypt_function)
    streams = [] of HTTP::Params
    self.info["url_encoded_fmt_stream_map"].split(",") do |string|
      if !string.empty?
        streams << HTTP::Params.parse(string)
      end
    end

    streams.each { |s| s.add("label", "#{s["quality"]} - #{s["type"].split(";")[0].split("/")[1]}") }
    streams = streams.uniq { |s| s["label"] }

    if self.info["region"]?
      streams.each do |fmt|
        fmt["url"] += "&region=" + self.info["region"]
      end
    end

    if streams[0]? && streams[0]["s"]?
      streams.each do |fmt|
        fmt["url"] += "&signature=" + decrypt_signature(fmt["s"], decrypt_function)
      end
    end

    return streams
  end

  def adaptive_fmts(decrypt_function)
    adaptive_fmts = [] of HTTP::Params

    if self.info.has_key?("adaptive_fmts")
      self.info["adaptive_fmts"].split(",") do |string|
        adaptive_fmts << HTTP::Params.parse(string)
      end
    elsif self.info.has_key?("dashmpd")
      client = make_client(YT_URL)
      response = client.get(self.info["dashmpd"])
      document = XML.parse_html(response.body)

      document.xpath_nodes(%q(//adaptationset)).each do |adaptation_set|
        mime_type = adaptation_set["mimetype"]

        document.xpath_nodes(%q(.//representation)).each do |representation|
          codecs = representation["codecs"]
          itag = representation["id"]
          bandwidth = representation["bandwidth"]
          url = representation.xpath_node(%q(.//baseurl)).not_nil!.content

          clen = url.match(/clen\/(?<clen>\d+)/).try &.["clen"]
          clen ||= "0"
          lmt = url.match(/lmt\/(?<lmt>\d+)/).try &.["lmt"]
          lmt ||= "#{((Time.now + 1.hour).epoch_f.to_f64 * 1000000).to_i64}"

          segment_list = representation.xpath_node(%q(.//segmentlist)).not_nil!
          init = segment_list.xpath_node(%q(.//initialization))

          # TODO: Replace with sane defaults when byteranges are absent
          if init && !init["sourceurl"].starts_with? "sq"
            init = init["sourceurl"].lchop("range/")

            index = segment_list.xpath_node(%q(.//segmenturl)).not_nil!["media"]
            index = index.lchop("range/")
            index = "#{init.split("-")[1].to_i + 1}-#{index.split("-")[0].to_i}"
          else
            init = "0-0"
            index = "1-1"
          end

          params = {
            "type"            => ["#{mime_type}; codecs=\"#{codecs}\""],
            "url"             => [url],
            "projection_type" => ["1"],
            "index"           => [index],
            "init"            => [init],
            "xtags"           => [] of String,
            "lmt"             => [lmt],
            "clen"            => [clen],
            "bitrate"         => [bandwidth],
            "itag"            => [itag],
          }

          if mime_type == "video/mp4"
            width = representation["width"]?
            height = representation["height"]?
            fps = representation["framerate"]?

            metadata = itag_to_metadata?(itag)
            if metadata
              width ||= metadata["width"]?
              height ||= metadata["height"]?
              fps ||= metadata["fps"]?
            end

            if width && height
              params["size"] = ["#{width}x#{height}"]
            end

            if width
              params["quality_label"] = ["#{height}p"]
            end
          end

          adaptive_fmts << HTTP::Params.new(params)
        end
      end
    end

    if self.info["region"]?
      adaptive_fmts.each do |fmt|
        fmt["url"] += "&region=" + self.info["region"]
      end
    end

    if adaptive_fmts[0]? && adaptive_fmts[0]["s"]?
      adaptive_fmts.each do |fmt|
        fmt["url"] += "&signature=" + decrypt_signature(fmt["s"], decrypt_function)
      end
    end

    return adaptive_fmts
  end

  def video_streams(adaptive_fmts)
    video_streams = adaptive_fmts.compact_map { |s| s["type"].starts_with?("video") ? s : nil }

    return video_streams
  end

  def audio_streams(adaptive_fmts)
    audio_streams = adaptive_fmts.compact_map { |s| s["type"].starts_with?("audio") ? s : nil }
    audio_streams.sort_by! { |s| s["bitrate"].to_i }.reverse!
    audio_streams.each do |stream|
      stream["bitrate"] = (stream["bitrate"].to_f64/1000).to_i.to_s
    end

    return audio_streams
  end

  def player_response
    if !@player_json
      @player_json = JSON.parse(@info["player_response"])
    end

    return @player_json.not_nil!
  end

  def paid
    reason = self.player_response["playabilityStatus"]?.try &.["reason"]?

    if reason == "This video requires payment to watch."
      paid = true
    else
      paid = false
    end

    return paid
  end

  def premium
    premium = self.player_response.to_s.includes? "Get YouTube without the ads."
    return premium
  end

  def captions
    captions = [] of Caption
    if player_response["captions"]?
      caption_list = player_response["captions"]["playerCaptionsTracklistRenderer"]["captionTracks"]?.try &.as_a
      caption_list ||= [] of JSON::Any

      caption_list.each do |caption|
        caption = Caption.from_json(caption.to_json)
        caption.name.simpleText = caption.name.simpleText.split(" - ")[0]
        captions << caption
      end
    end

    return captions
  end

  def short_description
    description = self.description.gsub("<br>", " ")
    description = description.gsub("<br/>", " ")
    description = XML.parse_html(description).content[0..200].gsub('"', "&quot;").gsub("\n", " ").strip(" ")
    if description.empty?
      description = " "
    end

    return description
  end

  def length_seconds
    return self.info["length_seconds"].to_i
  end

  add_mapping({
    id:   String,
    info: {
      type:      HTTP::Params,
      default:   HTTP::Params.parse(""),
      converter: Video::HTTPParamConverter,
    },
    updated:            Time,
    title:              String,
    views:              Int64,
    likes:              Int32,
    dislikes:           Int32,
    wilson_score:       Float64,
    published:          Time,
    description:        String,
    language:           String?,
    author:             String,
    ucid:               String,
    allowed_regions:    Array(String),
    is_family_friendly: Bool,
    genre:              String,
    genre_url:          String,
    license:            String,
    sub_count_text:     String,
    author_thumbnail:   String,
  })
end

class Caption
  JSON.mapping(
    name: CaptionName,
    baseUrl: String,
    languageCode: String
  )
end

class CaptionName
  JSON.mapping(
    simpleText: String,
  )
end

class VideoRedirect < Exception
end

def get_video(id, db, proxies = {} of String => Array({ip: String, port: Int32}), refresh = true)
  if db.query_one?("SELECT EXISTS (SELECT true FROM videos WHERE id = $1)", id, as: Bool)
    video = db.query_one("SELECT * FROM videos WHERE id = $1", id, as: Video)

    # If record was last updated over 10 minutes ago, refresh (expire param in response lasts for 6 hours)
    if refresh && Time.now - video.updated > 10.minutes
      begin
        video = fetch_video(id, proxies)
        video_array = video.to_a

        args = arg_array(video_array[1..-1], 2)

        db.exec("UPDATE videos SET (info,updated,title,views,likes,dislikes,wilson_score,\
          published,description,language,author,ucid,allowed_regions,is_family_friendly,\
          genre,genre_url,license,sub_count_text,author_thumbnail)\
          = (#{args}) WHERE id = $1", video_array)
      rescue ex
        db.exec("DELETE FROM videos * WHERE id = $1", id)
        raise ex
      end
    end
  else
    video = fetch_video(id, proxies)
    video_array = video.to_a

    args = arg_array(video_array)

    db.exec("INSERT INTO videos VALUES (#{args}) ON CONFLICT (id) DO NOTHING", video_array)
  end

  return video
end

def fetch_video(id, proxies)
  html_channel = Channel(XML::Node | String).new
  info_channel = Channel(HTTP::Params).new

  spawn do
    client = make_client(YT_URL)
    html = client.get("/watch?v=#{id}&bpctr=#{Time.new.epoch + 2000}&gl=US&hl=en&disable_polymer=1")

    if md = html.headers["location"]?.try &.match(/v=(?<id>[a-zA-Z0-9_-]{11})/)
      next html_channel.send(md["id"])
    end

    html = XML.parse_html(html.body)
    html_channel.send(html)
  end

  spawn do
    client = make_client(YT_URL)
    info = client.get("/get_video_info?video_id=#{id}&el=detailpage&ps=default&eurl=&gl=US&hl=en&disable_polymer=1")
    info = HTTP::Params.parse(info.body)

    if info["reason"]?
      info = client.get("/get_video_info?video_id=#{id}&ps=default&eurl=&gl=US&hl=en&disable_polymer=1")
      info = HTTP::Params.parse(info.body)
    end

    info_channel.send(info)
  end

  html = html_channel.receive
  if html.as?(String)
    raise VideoRedirect.new("#{html.as(String)}")
  end
  html = html.as(XML::Node)

  info = info_channel.receive

  if info["reason"]? && info["reason"].includes? "your country"
    bypass_channel = Channel(HTTPProxy | Nil).new

    proxies.each do |region, list|
      spawn do
        info = HTTP::Params.new({
          "reason" => [info["reason"]],
        })

        list.each do |proxy|
          begin
            client = HTTPClient.new(YT_URL)
            client.read_timeout = 10.seconds
            client.connect_timeout = 10.seconds

            proxy = HTTPProxy.new(proxy_host: proxy[:ip], proxy_port: proxy[:port])
            client.set_proxy(proxy)

            info = HTTP::Params.parse(client.get("/get_video_info?video_id=#{id}&ps=default&eurl=&gl=US&hl=en&disable_polymer=1").body)
            if !info["reason"]?
              bypass_channel.send(proxy)
              break
            end
          rescue ex
          end
        end

        # If none of the proxies we tried returned a valid response
        if info["reason"]?
          bypass_channel.send(nil)
        end
      end
    end

    proxies.size.times do
      proxy = bypass_channel.receive
      if proxy
        begin
          client = HTTPClient.new(YT_URL)
          client.read_timeout = 10.seconds
          client.connect_timeout = 10.seconds
          client.set_proxy(proxy)

          html = XML.parse_html(client.get("/watch?v=#{id}&bpctr=#{Time.new.epoch + 2000}&gl=US&hl=en&disable_polymer=1").body)
          info = HTTP::Params.parse(client.get("/get_video_info?video_id=#{id}&el=detailpage&ps=default&eurl=&gl=US&hl=en&disable_polymer=1").body)

          if info["reason"]?
            info = HTTP::Params.parse(client.get("/get_video_info?video_id=#{id}&ps=default&eurl=&gl=US&hl=en&disable_polymer=1").body)
          end

          proxy = {ip: proxy.proxy_host, port: proxy.proxy_port}
          region = proxies.select { |region, list| list.includes? proxy }
          if !region.empty?
            info["region"] = region.keys[0]
          end

          break
        rescue ex
        end
      end
    end
  end

  if info["reason"]?
    raise info["reason"]
  end

  title = info["title"]
  views = info["view_count"].to_i64
  author = info["author"]
  ucid = info["ucid"]

  likes = html.xpath_node(%q(//button[@title="I like this"]/span))
  likes = likes.try &.content.delete(",").try &.to_i
  likes ||= 0

  dislikes = html.xpath_node(%q(//button[@title="I dislike this"]/span))
  dislikes = dislikes.try &.content.delete(",").try &.to_i
  dislikes ||= 0

  description = html.xpath_node(%q(//p[@id="eow-description"]))
  description = description ? description.to_xml : ""

  wilson_score = ci_lower_bound(likes, likes + dislikes)

  published = html.xpath_node(%q(//meta[@itemprop="datePublished"])).not_nil!["content"]
  published = Time.parse(published, "%Y-%m-%d", Time::Location.local)

  allowed_regions = html.xpath_node(%q(//meta[@itemprop="regionsAllowed"])).try &.["content"].split(",")
  allowed_regions ||= [] of String
  is_family_friendly = html.xpath_node(%q(//meta[@itemprop="isFamilyFriendly"])).try &.["content"] == "True"
  is_family_friendly ||= true

  genre = html.xpath_node(%q(//meta[@itemprop="genre"])).not_nil!["content"]
  genre_url = html.xpath_node(%(//a[text()="#{genre}"])).try &.["href"]
  case genre
  when "Movies"
    genre_url = "/channel/UClgRkhTL3_hImCAmdLfDE4g"
  when "Education"
    # Education channel is linked but does not exist
    # genre_url = "/channel/UC3yA8nDwraeOfnYfBWun83g"
    genre_url = ""
  end
  genre_url ||= ""

  license = html.xpath_node(%q(//h4[contains(text(),"License")]/parent::*/ul/li))
  if license
    license = license.content
  else
    license = ""
  end

  sub_count_text = html.xpath_node(%q(//span[contains(@class, "yt-subscriber-count")]))
  if sub_count_text
    sub_count_text = sub_count_text["title"]
  else
    sub_count_text = "0"
  end

  author_thumbnail = html.xpath_node(%(//img[@alt="#{author}"]))
  if author_thumbnail
    author_thumbnail = author_thumbnail["data-thumb"]
  else
    author_thumbnail = ""
  end

  video = Video.new(id, info, Time.now, title, views, likes, dislikes, wilson_score, published, description,
    nil, author, ucid, allowed_regions, is_family_friendly, genre, genre_url, license, sub_count_text, author_thumbnail)

  return video
end

def itag_to_metadata?(itag : String)
  return VIDEO_FORMATS[itag]?
end

def process_video_params(query, preferences)
  autoplay = query["autoplay"]?.try &.to_i?
  preferred_captions = query["subtitles"]?.try &.split(",").map { |a| a.downcase }
  quality = query["quality"]?
  speed = query["speed"]?.try &.to_f?
  video_loop = query["loop"]?.try &.to_i?
  volume = query["volume"]?.try &.to_i?

  if preferences
    autoplay ||= preferences.autoplay.to_unsafe
    preferred_captions ||= preferences.captions
    quality ||= preferences.quality
    speed ||= preferences.speed
    video_loop ||= preferences.video_loop.to_unsafe
    volume ||= preferences.volume
  end

  autoplay ||= 0
  preferred_captions ||= [] of String
  quality ||= "hd720"
  speed ||= 1
  video_loop ||= 0
  volume ||= 100

  autoplay = autoplay == 1
  video_loop = video_loop == 1

  if query["t"]?
    video_start = decode_time(query["t"])
  end
  video_start ||= 0
  if query["time_continue"]?
    video_start = decode_time(query["time_continue"])
  end
  video_start ||= 0
  if query["start"]?
    video_start = decode_time(query["start"])
  end

  if query["end"]?
    video_end = decode_time(query["end"])
  end
  video_end ||= -1

  if query["listen"]? && (query["listen"] == "true" || query["listen"] == "1")
    listen = true
  end
  listen ||= false

  raw = query["raw"]?.try &.to_i?
  raw ||= 0
  raw = raw == 1

  controls = query["controls"]?.try &.to_i?
  controls ||= 1
  controls = controls == 1

  params = {
    autoplay:           autoplay,
    controls:           controls,
    listen:             listen,
    preferred_captions: preferred_captions,
    quality:            quality,
    raw:                raw,
    speed:              speed,
    video_end:          video_end,
    video_loop:         video_loop,
    video_start:        video_start,
    volume:             volume,
  }

  return params
end

def generate_thumbnails(json, id)
  json.array do
    VIDEO_THUMBNAILS.each do |thumbnail|
      json.object do
        json.field "quality", thumbnail[:name]
        json.field "url", "https://#{thumbnail[:host]}/vi/#{id}/#{thumbnail["url"]}.jpg"
        json.field "width", thumbnail[:width]
        json.field "height", thumbnail[:height]
      end
    end
  end
end